HUMAN RELATIONS IN CURRICULUM CHANGE
ed. by Kenneth Benne
1951
CONTENTS
PART ONE
Human Relations --
A Neglected Factor in Curriculum Change
PART TWO
Conceptual Tools
for Analyzing Change-Situations
1 .
Introduction
18
2 . Basic Conceptions About Human Motivation
DOUGLAS MCGREGOR 21
3 . Principles of Re-education KURT LEWIN
and
PAUL GRABBE 24
4 . Problems of Organizational Change ALEX BAVELAS
33
5 . General Aspects of Cultural Change KURT
LEWIN 38
6 . Quasi-stationary Social Equilibria and the Problem
of Permanent Change KURT
LEWIN 39
7 . Force Field Analysis Applied to a School Situation
DAVID H. JENKINS 44
8 . The Dynamic Aspects of Relationships Between People
IRVING
KNICKERBOCKER 52
9 . Techniques of Changing Culture KURT
LEWIN 55
10 . Utilization of Dissatisfaction ALICE
MIEL 58
PART THREE
Groups and Group Methods
in Curriculum Change
1 .
Introduction
64
2 . Stages in the Process of Group Thinking and Discussion
KENNETH D. BENNE
LELAND P. BRADFORD
and RONALD LIPPITT 68
3 . Theory of Group Dynamics HERBERT A.
THELEN 84
4 . Functional Roles of Group Members KENNETH D. BENNE
and PAUL SHEATS 98
5 . The Growth of a Group HERBERT A.
THELEN and
WATSON DICKERMAN 105
6 . Some Leadership Functions in Groups KENNETH D.
BENNE 115
7 . Types of Group Leadership LELAND P.
BRADFORD
and RONALD LIPPITT 118
8 . Problems of Status Leadership ALICE MIEL
126
9 . How Large Should a Group Be? HERBERT A. THELEN
133
SECTION B: Helping Groups to Improve their Operation
1 .
Introduction
142
2 . Diagnosing Group Difficulties LELAND P.
BRADFORD,
KENNETH D. BENNE,
and RONALD LIPPITT 145
3 . Principles of Group Training Method LELAND P.
BRADFORD 152
4 . The Service Roles Which Groups
Require
154
a. The Work of the Discussion Group Leader
b. The Work of the Group Recorder
c. The Work of the Group Observer
5 . An Instrument for Improving Group Meetings
RONALD LIPPITT
160
6 . Group Self-Evaluation DAVID H.
JENKINS 161
7 . A Closer Look at the Role of Group Observer
NATIONAL TRAINING LABORATORY IN GROUP
DEVELOPMENT 173
8 . Understanding the Behavior of "Problem Members" in
Groups
HORACE MANN-LINCOLN INSTITUTE, COLUMBIA
UNIVERSITY 185
9 . Introducing the Group Idea to People RONALD LIPPITT,
LELAND P. BRADFORD,
and KENNETH D. BENNE 192
10. Complacency Shock and Retraining LELAND P. BRADFORD
and PAUL SHEATS 202
11. How to Use Experts and Consultants ALICE MIEL
208
12. Training Consultants and Groups to Work Together
LELAND P. BRADFORD 210
13. What Is Action Research? RONALD
LIPPITT
and MARIAN RADKE 216
14. What is Role Playing? CHARLES
E. HENDRY,
RONALD LIPPITT,
and ALVIN ZANDER 223
15. Some Comments on the Uses of Role Playing
ALEX BAVELAS 241
SECTION C: Putting Group Methods to Work in the School
1 .
Introduction
250
2 . We Can Work Together DONALD NYLEN
and
LELAND P. BRADFORD 251
3 . The Administrator Moves Toward Cooperation
ARNOLD MEIER,
ALICE DAVIS, and
FLORENCE CLEARY 260
4 . Changing the Administrators Perception
RONALD LIPPITT 269
5 . The Supervisor and Group Work LELAND P.
BRADFORD
and RONALD LIPPITT 282
6 . Launching a Program of Change HELEN G. TRAGER
and MARIAN RADKE 287
PART FOUR
Democratic Ethics
and the Management of Change
1 .
Introduction
294
2 . Democratic Cooperation Over Against Its Alternatives
KENNETH D. BENNE,
GEORGE E. AXTELLE,
B. OTHANEL SMITH and
R. BRUCE RAUP 296
3 . Democratic Ethics and Human Engineering
KENNETH D. BENNE 307
PART FIVE
Discipline for Leadership
in Curriculum Change
1 .
Introduction
318
2 . The Discipline of Practical Deliberation
GEORGE E. AXTELLE
and R. BRUCE RAUP 320
3 . A closer Look at the Meaning of Practical Deliberation
KENNETH D. BENNE,
GEORGE E. AXTELLE,
B. OTHANEL SMITH,
and R. BRUCH RAUP 326
4 . Community Outlook as a Factor in Practical Deliberation
KENNETH D. BENNE,
GEORGE E. AXTELLE,
B. OTHANEL SMITH,
and R. BRUCE RAUP 332
5 . The Questions Which Practical Deliberation Must Answer
KENNETH D. BENNE,
GEORGE E. AXTELLE,
B. OTHANEL SMITH,
and R. BRUCE RAUP 342
INDEX
353